Library is a store house of knowledge , source of all kind of information. Library is a collection of such materials which are easily accessible for reading, viewing listining and reference. A library provides physical documents like book, manuscripts, publications etc. on the other hand digital documents also like DVD, CD, e-books, cassets etc.
“Library -- from the Latin liber, meaning "book." In Greek and the Romance languages, the corresponding term is bibliotheca. A collection or group of collections of books and/or other print or nonprint materials organized and maintained for use (reading, consultation, study, research, etc.). Institutional libraries, organized to facilitate access by a specific clientele, are staffed by librarians and other personnel trained to provide services to meet user needs."(Online Dictionary of Library and Information Science (ODLIS).
In The Librarian’s Book of Lists (Chicago: ALA, 2010), George Eberhart offers this definition: "A library is a collection of resources in a variety of formats that is (1) organized by information professionals or other experts who (2) provide convenient physical, digital, bibliographic, or intellectual access and (3) offer targeted services and programs (4) with the mission of educating, informing, or entertaining a variety of audiences (5) and the goal of stimulating individual learning and advancing society as a whole." (p.1)
Purpose of Library: The purpose of a library can be stated as is explained in this section:
i. Libraries are for the lending of books:Indeed, the earliest libraries were just this – a small business, museum or other place would take it upon themselves to educate their neighbours by lending out their collection of books. As collections increased, these places would need innovative means to organize and provide access to such books and innovative people to do the innovative work – thus librarians were invented.
ii. Libraries are for educating people of all ages:Since reading inevitably increases the brainpower of communities, an educational role for libraries seems fairly obvious. In academic and school libraries, this role is the most obvious and apparent, since the institutions that host them are largely educational ones.
iii. Libraries are for preserving and/or promoting community culture:The cultural role of libraries is supported through the country governance. The cultural role for libraries is largely a supportive one at best and does not speak to the value a library has in the community.
Functions of Library: The functions of library are as follows:
1.To acquire and conserve the whole of the national production of documents utilizing the existing library facilities fully
2.To collect all the documents concerning that nation published throughout the world, irrespective of language of publication.
3. To build up a complete collection, self-sufficient on all aspects, of all subjects related to its country.
4. To store information on the nation, minutely and fully catalogued; classified and arranged which should be capable of answering any enquiry about the country.
5. To take the full responsibility for ensuring that a copy of the whole of national production of documents is preserved in its original form.
Role of Libraries in formal and non-formal Education :
In every formal education be it school, college or university , there should have library attached to it. At the earlier stages of education the education system should be done to supplement classroom teaching. At later stages the focal point of learning should gradually shift from the classroom to library. Apart from School, College and University libraries the public libraries to have a responsibility to support formal education. For this purpose the public library must stock books and other material of an academic nature suitable for students and teacher.
In non-formal education where the help of the teacher is minimal, it is the library that is the main resource. Student here have by and large to acquire knowledge through self-study. The development of a sound public library system is an essential pre-requisite for the successful implementation of all non-formal education programmes. Everyone should have access as a matter of right to the public library. A public library should try to discharge this responsibility by acquiring books and journals suited to the needs of the students of non formal education in its area.
Library and Modern Society
In modern soceity some changing factors have radically changed the conventional functions of the library. The changes that are occurring in different facets of human life in modern society can be seen in the following aspects:
a) Pressures exerted by the population explosion, particularly in India, produce societal pressures through increasing urbanization, mobility of population, group dynamics, etc.
b) Socio-economic changes affect occupational patterns, incomes, prices, value, inflation, growth dynamics, and economic developments at the macro and micro levels
c) Political changes affect political structures and systems, political parties, their growths, the activities of members of parliament and state assemblies, power structures, etc
d) Educational changes affect learning and teaching processes at all levels of education, learning and teaching materials, educational technologies, etc.
e) Industry and business are affected by changes in production and distribution, technology transfer, assessment and application, marketing and sales, etc.
f) Government and administration are affected through changes in planning, policy-making, governance, execution and management, etc.
Libraries, through their books, are actually repositories of information and knowledge. Information is indispensable for any human activity aiming at social progress. The basic information role of the library is to collect material containing information through appropriate methods. It is primarily in this sense that a library is described as an information centre. But a library also has an information role in the sense of providing information relating to the socio-economic needs of the people. In short, a library should be so equipped and organised that it will be able to serve its community with all types of information that may be in actual or potential demand. Thus in modern soceity the library occupies a prominent place: While other institutions are designed to meet one or a few of the needs, the library is able to meet all of them in equal measure. It plays an important role in supporting the educational and research activities of society, promoting culture, disseminating information, catering to the spiritual and ideological instincts in man and building up a value system for him and providing recreation.
Reference :
Isaac, K.A-(1987). Libraries and Librarianship : A Basic Introduction, S. Vishwanthan Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Madras (pp. l-35).
Khanna, J.K. (1987). Library and Society; Research Publications: Kurukshetra: (pp.7-79) (pp.7-79)
India. Ministry of Education and Youth Affairs. (1959). Report of Advisory Committee for Libraries, Manager of Publications: Delhi.
Thursday, 7 October 2021
Recent
Trends in Library Cataloguing
Cataloguing is the core of every library, a basic tool
of retrieval in any document collection. The word‘ Catalogue’ has been derived
from the Greek expression ‘Kata-Logos’. It means a list, register or complete
enumeration of something. The list can be books, maps or other items arranged
in definite systematic order in a library.
The
history of cataloguing is indeed a fascinating area of study. The seventh
century BCE Babylonian Library of Asurbanipal was led by the librarian
Ibnissaru who prescribed a catalogue of clay tablets by subject. The 16th
century proved a productive period influenced by great bibliographers like
Gesner, Treflerus, Maunsell etc. As librarian Gottfried van Swieten introduced
the world first card catalogue (1780) as the Perfect of the Imperial Library ,
Austria. The 19th Century marks the beginning of Code making. Among
them some are :
British Museaum
Cataloguing Rules which is also known as Panizzis 91 rules (1841)
Cutter’s Rules :
Charles Ammi Cutter published “Rules for a Dictionay Catalogue in 1876 which
considered as “ Landmark Work”in the history of cataloguing code
Classified
Catalogue Code : Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathanpublished the first Indian Library Code (CCC) in 1934. The code marked
for its simplicity, clarity, and brevity.
AACR & ISBD :
AnInternational Conference, the
International Conference on Cataloguing Principles (ICCP) held inParis in 1961, which asserted the
importance of drawing up a code of rules based on soundtheoretical principles rather than on ad hoc solutions to
practical problems. This led to theproduction
of the Anglo-American Cataloguing rules in 1967 in two different versions: theBritish text and the American text After
some major revision AACR2 published in 1978 and AACR-2R appeared in 1988. One
of the areas that needed urgent attention for standardization was the area of
description of items. In 1969 IFLA sponsored an international meeting of
cataloguing experts at Copenhagen which led, in 1971, to the publication of the
International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD). This was further
developed for various non-book materials, leading to the publication in 1977 of
a generalized version of ISBD, called ISBD(G). The ISBD defines nine areas of description. Each area, except area 7,
is composed of multiple elements with structured classifications.
0: Content form and media type area
1: Title and statement of responsibility area,
consisting of
1.1 Title proper
1.2 Parallel title
1.3 Other title information
1.4 Statement of responsibility
2: Edition area
3: Material or type of resource specific area (e.g.,
the scale of a map or the numbering of a periodical)
4: Publication, production, distribution, etc., area
5: Material description area (e.g., number of pages in
a book or number of CDs issued as a unit)
6: Series area
7: Notes area
8: Resource identifier and terms of availability area
(e.g., ISBN, ISSN)
OPAC:
One
of the most significant developments has been emergence of the Online Public
Access Catalogue (OPAC) which is basically the gateway to a library's collection.
This is an interface through which users can search a library's catalogue, and
can also perform a number of other operations, such as borrower record
checking, reservation of items, online renewal, and so on. Although OPACs made
their first appearance in the mid-1970s, it was only at the beginning of the
next decade that libraries in significant numbers began to switch from card to
automated catalogues. The four major component of OPAC are :
The
user interface allows a user to
interact with the system.
The main catalogue database file is
something like the card catalogues, each card being converted into a
bibliographic record.
The index file, called the inverted file,
which may be conceived as a back-of-thebook index file containing all the index
terms (here, authors name, title words or full titles, keywords, subject
headings, and so on) and appropriate pointers pointing to appropriate record(s)
in the catalogue database.
The display/print format directly relates
to cataloguing and to AACR2.
STANDARDS FOR CATALOGUING
There
are basically two types of standards used in cataloguing. The first one is the
International Standard ISO 2709, or its equivalent national standard. The
second set of standards relates to the content designators which are
represented in most bibliographic formats by tags, indicators and subfield
codes. MARC was the first such standard, though now there are several such
standards and many of them come from the MARC family, viz. AUSMARC, UKMARC,
INDIMARC, UNIMARC, and so on.
CATALOGUING NETWORKS
The
United States led the world in setting up cataloguing networks and
bibliographic utilities such as OCLC (Online Computer Library Center), RLIN
(Research Libraries Information Network) and WLN (Western Library Network).
Among these OCLC is the pioneer and is the most highly used bibliographic
utility service. OCLC, the world's largest library information network, offers
the following services that help libraries further access to information and
reduce information costs:
·WorldCat (the
OCLC Online Union Catalog)
·The OCLC system
·OCLC FirstSearch®
service
·OCLC FirstSearch
Electronic Collections Online® service
·OCLC Access
Services.
CATALOGUING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Nowadays
the ever-expanding growth of information and information technology, increasing
volumes and multiple formats of information, changing user expectations and
behaviours brought about even higher levels of challenges for cataloguers. To
pursue professional ethics in creating timely and high quality records,
cataloguers need to develop a new mindset to deal with the increased complexity
in cataloguing.Cataloguing of Internet
resources can be done by using a set of tools called ROADS. ROADS stands for
Resource Organization And Discovery in Subject-based services. It is a set of
software tools designed to help create information gateways on the Internet.ROADS allows Internet resources to be fully described,
allowing the end user to judge their relevancy before trying to access them and
it is properly organized. The organization and description of resources adds
value to an information gateway. ROADS allows you to create a database of
resource descriptions (also called templates). New technologies require new
skills. The modern cataloguer has to be multi-skilled, computer literate, able
to operate different in house library systems, able to use the online packages,
such as MARC21 standard online, WEB Dewey, Web LC, Search interfaces.
RDA
Since
mid-2010, Resource Description and Access (RDA) have been introduced as an alternative
to past cataloguing practices for the electronic environment. RDA is built on
the traditions of the Anglo American Cataloguing Rules (AACR). The Joint Steering
Committee for Development of RDA (JSC) recognized during the 1990s that AACR2
was not a code that would serve 21st century users. It was
structured around card catalogs and linear displays of citations, and
well-formed metadata that could be used by computer systems. RDA will provide a
set of guidelines and instructions on formulating descriptive data and access
point control data to support resource discovery. Being developed as a web based
product RDA is especially designed for description and access for digital
resources. An important feature of RDA will be its independence from the
presentation of data. It will provide guidance on the recording of data, the content,
and not on how it might be organized on the screen. That means that RDA-based
cataloguing can be readily accommodated in many other than MARC encoding
standards and metadata schema, thus intended to be independent of any
cataloguing code. As a result, the more user-friendly presentations of
bibliographic data can be introduced.
FRBR
From
1992-1995 the IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and
Institutions )
Study Group on Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)
developed an entity-relationship model as a generalized view of the
bibliographic universe, intended to be independent of any cataloging code or
implementation. It represents a more
holistic approach to retrieval and access as the relationships between the
entities provide links to navigate through the hierarchy of relationships.
FRBR
comprises groups of entities:
·Group 1entities
are defined as the products of intellectual or artistic endeavours that are
named or described in bibliographic records: work, expression, manifestation,
and item.
·Group 2
entities are those responsible for the intellectual or artistic content, the physical
production and dissemination, or the custodianship of the Group 1 entities:
person, corporate body, and family2
·Group 3
entities represent an additional set of entities that serve as the subjects of works: concept, object, event, and place.
Group
1 entities are the foundation of the FRBR model:
Work is
a "distinct intellectual or artistic creation.
Expression
is "the specific intellectual or artistic form that a work takes each time
it is 'realized.'"
Manifestationis "the physical embodiment of
an expression of a work. As an entity, manifestation represents all the
physical objects that bear the same characteristics, in respect to both intellectual
content and physical form."
Item is "a single exemplar of a
manifestation. The entity defined as item is a concrete entity."[2] Each
copy of the 1996 pressings of that 1996 recording is an item. When we say,
"Both copies of the London Philharmonic's 1996 performance of the Ninth
are checked out of my local library," we are generally referring to items
FRBR
outlines the relationship between many different interpretations or expressions
of the work. Each expression can be published in various formats or
manifestations. Each manifestation may be reproduced many times, each of which
is called an item. Thus, FRBR is a conceptual entity-relationship model.
(ER-model)
Relationship :
FRBR
is built upon relationships between and among entities. "Relationships
serve as the vehicle for depicting the link between one entity and another, and
thus as the means of assisting the user to ‘navigate’ the universe that is
represented in a bibliography, catalogue, or bibliographic database”.
·Equivalence relationships :Equivalence relationships exist between exact copies
of the same manifestation of a work or between an original item and
reproductions of it, so long as the intellectual content and authorship are
preserved. Examples include reproductions such as copies, issues, facsimiles
and reprints, photocopies, and microfilms.
Derivative relationships : Derivative
relationships exist between a bibliographic work and a modification based on
the work. Examples include
Editions,
versions, translations, summaries, abstracts, and digests
Adaptations that
become new works but are based on old works
Genre changes
New works based
on the style or thematic content of the work
·Descriptive relationships :Descriptive relationships exist between a
bibliographic entity and a description, criticism, evaluation, or review of
that entity, such as between a work and a book review describing it.
FRAD and FRSAD
Functional
Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD), formerly known as Functional Requirements for Authority Records (FRAR) is a conceptual entity-relationship
model developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and
Institutions (IFLA) for relating the data that are recorded in library
authority records to the needs of the users of those records and facilitate and
sharing of that data. The Working Group on Functional Requirements and
Numbering of Authority Records (FRANAR) was established in April 1999. It was
charged to continue the work of FRBR by developing a conceptual model for
entities described in authority records. The primary purpose of the Functional
Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD) conceptual model is “to provide a framework
for the analysis of functional requirements for the kind of authority data that
is required to support authority control and for the international sharing of
authority data. The model focuses on data, regardless of how they may be
packaged (e.g., in authority records)”. The IFLA Working Group on the
Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Records (FRSAR) was formed in
2005 to address subject authority data issues and to investigate the direct and
indirect uses of subject authority data by a wide range of users. The FRSAR
Working Group (2005 to present) and the FRANAR Working Group (1999 to 2009)
both worked in parallel to develop models
within the FRBR framework. By the time FRANAR released its final report in June
2009, FRSAR also had released its first draft report of the Functional
Requirements for Subject Authority Data (FRSAD) for world-wide review. The
model is intended to support global sharing and reuse of subject authority
data.
·The conceptual model of FRSAD
Work :Work is a "distinct intellectual or artistic
creation (IFLA 1998)
Thema : Is anything that can be the subject of a work. This
is the abstract idea of the aboutness of a given work. Thema is independent of
language and disciplines (FRSAR 2007).
Nomen : Any alphanumeric, sound, visual, or any other
symbol, sign or combination of symbols by which a thema is known, referred to
or addressed (FRSAR 2007).
BIBFRAME
BIBFRAME
(Bibliographic Framework) is a data model for bibliographic description . In
2011, the Library of Congress (LC) began a project to end libraries isolation
from the semantic web through the creation of a new communication format,
called BIBFRAME “BIBFRAME Framework as a Web of Data,” 2012), as a successor to
the MARC formats. The development of BIBFRAME has been a complex one as its
creators try to balance the need to capture the data encoded in MARC, the
constraints of RDF, and input from the community it hopes to serve. In
addition, there are other schemas available for libraries’ use, such as
Schema.org (“Schema.org Homepage”), the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CIDOC-CRM)
(“CIDOC_CRM Homepage”), and the Europeana Data Model (EDM) (“Europeana Data
Model Documentation”).
Illustration
of BIBFRAME 2.0 model, with three core levels of abstraction (in blue)—Work, Instance,
Item—and three related classes (in orange)—Agent, Subject, Event.
FRBRoo
This
document is the definition of the object-oriented version of the FRBR1 family
of conceptual models2, harmonised with CIDOC CRM, hereafter referred to as
FRBRoo (FRBR-object oriented), a formal ontology
that captures and represents the underlying semantics of bibliographic
information and therefore facilitates the integration, mediation, and interchange
of bibliographic and museum information. The first draft of FRBRoo was
completed in 2006.[2] The model expresses the attributes and relationships in
the entity–relationship model of FRBR, formulated as an extensions of the
CIDOC-CRM. Version 2.4 of the FRBRoo model was released in November 2015.
Conclusion
In
this section we have discussed various mile stones in the study of library
cataloguing. Internet, WWW, the concept of digital library have added a new
dimension and growing challenges in library cataloguing. Rapid emergence of
newformats, increased rate of updates
of cataloguing rules, cataloguing for diverse user environments become the
result of new challenges for library cataloguing in this 21st
century. The cataloguers should invest their time for self-development and
skill-improvement to fulfill the requirements of these innovations in the field
of library cataloguing.
References
•Zeng, Žumer, and
Salaba, eds. (2010). Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data
(FRSAD): A Conceptual Model
•Tillett, Barbara.
"What is FRBR?" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
•Van Malssen,
Kara. "BIBFRAME AV Modeling Study: Defining a Flexible Model for
Description of Audiovisual Resources" (PDF). Library of Congress. Archived
from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
•ISBD:
International Standard Bibliographic Description (PDF). IFLA series on
bibliographic control. 44 (Consolidated ed.). München: K.G. Saur. 2011
